ContaminantDB: Isoflurane

Identification Taxonomy Biological Properties Physical Properties Toxicity Profile Spectra Concentrations Links References Targets (54)XML

Record Information

Version

1.0

Creation Date

2009-07-21 20:27:35 UTC

Update Date

2026-05-14 16:47:56 UTC

Accession Number

CHEM002266

Identification

Common Name

Isoflurane

Class

Small Molecule

Description

Isoflurane belongs to the organofluorides, a class of organohalogen compounds within the organic compounds. It is an exogenous liquid at room temperature with the formula C3H2ClF5O and an average molecular weight of 184.49 g/mol. Used as an inhalation anaesthetic, its recorded exposure routes include respiratory and inhalation (PMC10097713, PMC10469338, PMC10609273, PMC10757425, PMC10922143, PMC10925143, PMC11342404, PMC11373598, PMC11579412, PMC11634801). The compound is found in or released from 33 recorded sources, including anesthetics in healthcare, pharmaceuticals and veterinary products; food preservation, the processing of meats, and the preparation of vinegar and wine or sparkling wine; household cleaning and consumer products such as soap detergents, soap dispensers, pipe accessories, cigar cigarettes, and non electric simulated smoking devices; building and construction materials including floors, ceilings, roofs, fencing, and sunshades awnings or outside screens; and electrical and electronic equipment such as amplifiers, antennas, electric switches, auxiliary devices, and conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials. Isoflurane interacts with 27 recorded protein targets, including Calcium-transporting ATPase type 2C member 1 (ATP2C1), ATP synthase F(1) complex subunit delta, mitochondrial (ATP5F1D), NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 1 (MT-ND1), and Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1 (GABRA1). It acts as an antagonist, positive allosteric modulator, or other unknown modulator of Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi (GABRP), subunit delta (GABRD), subunit beta-1 (GABRB1), subunit gamma-2 (GABRG2), and 16 other proteins. It binds to the GABA receptor, the glycine receptor, the glutamate receptor, and the large conductance Ca2+ activated potassium channel. Additionally, it appears to bind the D subunit of ATP synthase and NADH dehydogenase. Isoflurane activates calcium dependent ATPase in the sarcoplasmic reticulum by increasing the fluidity of the lipid membrane and induces a reduction in junctional conductance by decreasing gap junction channel opening times and increasing gap junction channel closing times.

Contaminant Sources

HMDB Contaminants - Urine
HPV EPA Chemicals
T3DB toxins
ToxCast & Tox21 Chemicals

Contaminant Type

Anesthetic
Anesthetic, Inhalation
Drug
General Anesthetic
Household Toxin
Human Neurotoxin
Metabolite
Organic Compound
Organochloride
Organofluoride
Synthetic Compound

Chemical Structure

MOL SDF PDB SMILES InChI

Synonyms

Value	Source
1-Chloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl difluoromethyl ether	ChEBI
Aerrane	ChEBI
Ethane	ChEBI
Forane	ChEBI
Forene	ChEBI
Isoflurano	ChEBI
Isofluranum	ChEBI

Chemical Formula

C₃H₂ClF₅O

Average Molecular Mass

184.492 g/mol

Monoisotopic Mass

183.971 g/mol

CAS Registry Number

26675-46-7

IUPAC Name

2-chloro-2-(difluoromethoxy)-1,1,1-trifluoroethane

Traditional Name

isoflurane

SMILES

FC(F)OC(Cl)C(F)(F)F

InChI Identifier

InChI=1S/C3H2ClF5O/c4-1(3(7,8)9)10-2(5)6/h1-2H

InChI Key

PIWKPBJCKXDKJR-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Chemical Taxonomy

Description

belongs to the class of organic compounds known as organofluorides. Organofluorides are compounds containing a chemical bond between a carbon atom and a fluorine atom.

Kingdom

Organic compounds

Super Class

Organohalogen compounds

Class

Organofluorides

Sub Class

Not Available

Direct Parent

Organofluorides

Alternative Parents

Substituents

Organic oxygen compound
Hydrocarbon derivative
Organooxygen compound
Organofluoride
Organochloride
Alkyl halide
Alkyl fluoride
Alkyl chloride
Aliphatic acyclic compound

Molecular Framework

Aliphatic acyclic compounds

External Descriptors

organofluorine compound (CHEBI:6015 )

Biological Properties

Status

Detected and Not Quantified

Origin

Exogenous

Cellular Locations

Cytoplasm
Extracellular
Membrane

Biofluid Locations

Not Available

Tissue Locations

Not Available

Pathways

Name	SMPDB Link	KEGG Link
Isoflurane GABA(A) Anesthetic Action Pathway	SMP0126162	Not Available
Isoflurane Drug Metabolism Action Pathway	SMP0143196	Not Available

Applications

inhalation anaesthetic

Biological Roles

Not Available

Chemical Roles

Not Available

Physical Properties

State

Liquid

Appearance

Not Available

Experimental Properties

Property	Value
Melting Point	48-48.5°C
Boiling Point	48.5°C
Solubility	4470 mg/L (at 37°C)

Predicted Properties

Property	Value	Source
Water Solubility	3.56 g/L	ALOGPS
logP	2.3	ALOGPS
logP	2.84	ChemAxon
logS	-1.7	ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Basic)	-4.7	ChemAxon
Physiological Charge	0	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count	1	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count	0	ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area	9.23 Å²	ChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count	3	ChemAxon
Refractivity	23.04 m³·mol⁻¹	ChemAxon
Polarizability	9.73 Å³	ChemAxon
Number of Rings	0	ChemAxon
Bioavailability	1	ChemAxon
Rule of Five	Yes	ChemAxon
Ghose Filter	No	ChemAxon
Veber's Rule	Yes	ChemAxon
MDDR-like Rule	No	ChemAxon

Spectra

Spectrum Type	Description	Splash Key	View
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive	splash10-0udi-9400000000-6ed40f9f8dd595d42648	Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive	splash10-001i-0900000000-86cdc849d98cebceb41f	Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive	splash10-001i-0900000000-638085524e003bcf4003	Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive	splash10-0002-9400000000-d8b25b66c3eceff9f5ab	Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative	splash10-001i-0900000000-ebe1660e853c066c6392	Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative	splash10-01q9-0900000000-30bbfd349d22f8057b18	Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative	splash10-03di-4900000000-0717c6cbf8950b9de9d8	Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive	splash10-001i-0900000000-f72d585725966be19d66	Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive	splash10-001i-0900000000-db40d4801d1fbe19bc48	Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive	splash10-03e9-1900000000-8de2342c64e7c06ad3bb	Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative	splash10-001i-0900000000-cda3ea1a89b8c052a64a	Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative	splash10-001i-0900000000-cda3ea1a89b8c052a64a	Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative	splash10-001i-1900000000-90e8f4a64ee24b4cbf9b	Spectrum
MS	Mass Spectrum (Electron Ionization)	splash10-0udi-9300000000-c134e176400bbe7073c2	Spectrum
1D NMR	13C NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
1D NMR	1H NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
1D NMR	13C NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
1D NMR	1H NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
1D NMR	13C NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
1D NMR	1H NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
1D NMR	13C NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
1D NMR	1H NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
1D NMR	13C NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
1D NMR	1H NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
1D NMR	13C NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
1D NMR	1H NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
1D NMR	13C NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
1D NMR	1H NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
1D NMR	13C NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
1D NMR	1H NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
1D NMR	13C NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
1D NMR	1H NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
1D NMR	13C NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
1D NMR	1H NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum

Toxicity Profile

Route of Exposure

Inhalation

Mechanism of Toxicity

Isoflurane induces a reduction in junctional conductance by decreasing gap junction channel opening times and increasing gap junction channel closing times. Isoflurane also activates calcium dependent ATPase in the sarcoplasmic reticulum by increasing the fluidity of the lipid membrane. Also appears to bind the D subunit of ATP synthase and NADH dehydogenase. Isoflurane also binds to the GABA receptor, the large conductance Ca²⁺ activated potassium channel, the glutamate receptor and the glycine receptor. LC50=15300 ppm/3 hrs (inhalation by rat)

Metabolism

Minimal

Toxicity Values

LC50=15300 ppm/3 hrs (inhalation by rat)

Lethal Dose

Not Available

Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification)

No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).

Uses/Sources

For induction and maintenance of general anesthesia.

Minimum Risk Level

Not Available

Health Effects

May lead to cardiac arrhythmias and death (Rarely). In susceptible individuals, Isoflurane anesthesia may trigger a skeletal muscle hypermetabolic state leading to high oxygen demand and the clinical syndrome known as malignant hyperthermia. The syndrome includes nonspecific features such as muscle rigidity, tachycardia, tachypnea, cyanosis, arrhythmias, and unstable blood pressure.(1)

Symptoms

The predicted effects of acute overexposure by inhalation of Isoflurane, USP include headache, dizziness or (in extreme cases) unconsciousness. (1)

Treatment

Stop drug administration, establish a clear airway, and initiate assisted or controlled ventilation with pure oxygen. (2)

Concentrations

Not Available

External Links

DrugBank ID

DB00753

HMDB ID

HMDB0014891

FooDB ID