S-Adenosylhomocysteine (CHEM003415)

IdentificationTaxonomyBiological PropertiesPhysical PropertiesToxicity ProfileSpectraConcentrationsLinksReferencesTargets (17)XML
Record Information
Version1.0
Creation Date2014-08-29 06:51:24 UTC
Update Date2026-04-03 00:05:22 UTC
Accession NumberCHEM003415
Identification
Common NameS-Adenosylhomocysteine
ClassSmall Molecule
DescriptionS-Adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy) is the immediate precursor of all of the homocysteine produced in the body. The reaction is catalyzed by S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase and is reversible with the equilibrium favoring formation of AdoHcy. In vivo, the reaction is driven in the direction of homocysteine formation by the action of the enzyme adenosine deaminase, which converts the second product of the S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase reaction, adenosine, to inosine. Except for methyl transfer from betaine and from methylcobalamin in the methionine synthase reaction, AdoHcy is the product of all methylation reactions that involve S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) as the methyl donor. Methylation is significant in epigenetic regulation of protein expression via DNA and histone methylation. The inhibition of these AdoMet-mediated processes by AdoHcy is a proven mechanism for metabolic alteration. Because the conversion of AdoHcy to homocysteine is reversible, with the equilibrium favoring the formation of AdoHcy, increases in plasma homocysteine are accompanied by an elevation of AdoHcy in most cases. Disturbances in the transmethylation pathway indicated by abnormal S-adenosylmethionine, S-adenosylhomocysteine or their ratio have been reported in many neurodegenerative diseases, such as dementia, depression or Parkinson's disease. (1, 2).
Contaminant Sources
  • FooDB Chemicals
  • HMDB Contaminants - Urine
  • T3DB toxins
Contaminant Type
  • Amine
  • Animal Toxin
  • Ether
  • Food Toxin
  • Metabolite
  • Natural Compound
  • Organic Compound
Chemical Structure
Thumb
MOLSDFPDBSMILESInChI
Synonyms
ValueSource
(2S)-2-Amino-4-({[(2S,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl]methyl}sulfanyl)butanoic acidChEBI
2-S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteineChEBI
Adenosyl-L-homocysteineChEBI
AdenosylhomocysteineChEBI
AdoHcyChEBI
S-(5'-Adenosyl)-L-homocysteineChEBI
S-[1-(Adenin-9-yl)-1,5-dideoxy-beta-D-ribofuranos-5-yl]-L-homocysteineChEBI
SAHChEBI
(2S)-2-Amino-4-({[(2S,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl]methyl}sulfanyl)butanoateGenerator
(2S)-2-Amino-4-({[(2S,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl]methyl}sulphanyl)butanoateGenerator
(2S)-2-Amino-4-({[(2S,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl]methyl}sulphanyl)butanoic acidGenerator
S-[1-(Adenin-9-yl)-1,5-dideoxy-b-D-ribofuranos-5-yl]-L-homocysteineGenerator
S-[1-(Adenin-9-yl)-1,5-dideoxy-β-D-ribofuranos-5-yl]-L-homocysteineGenerator
(S)-5'-(S)-(3-Amino-3-carboxypropyl)-5'-thioadenosineHMDB
5'-Deoxy-S-adenosyl-L-homocysteineHMDB
5'-S-(3-Amino-3-carboxypropyl)-5'-thio-L-adenosineHMDB
Adenosyl-homo-cysHMDB
Adenosylhomo-cysHMDB
FormycinylhomocysteineHMDB
L-5'-S-(3-Amino-3-carboxypropyl)-5'-thior-adenosineHMDB
L-S-Adenosyl-homocysteineHMDB
L-S-AdenosylhomocysteineHMDB
S-(5'-Deoxyadenosin-5'-yl)-L-homocysteineHMDB
S-(5'-Deoxyadenosine-5')-L-homocysteineHMDB
S-Adenosyl-homocysteineHMDB
S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteineHMDB
Adenosylhomocysteine, SHMDB
S AdenosylhomocysteineHMDB
Chemical FormulaC14H20N6O5S
Average Molecular Mass384.411 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass384.122 g/mol
CAS Registry Number979-92-0
IUPAC Name(2S)-2-amino-4-({[(2S,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methyl}sulfanyl)butanoic acid
Traditional NameS-adenosyl-L-homocysteine
SMILESN[C@@H](CCSC[C@H]1O[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H]1O)N1C=NC2=C(N)N=CN=C12)C(O)=O
InChI IdentifierInChI=1S/C14H20N6O5S/c15-6(14(23)24)1-2-26-3-7-9(21)10(22)13(25-7)20-5-19-8-11(16)17-4-18-12(8)20/h4-7,9-10,13,21-22H,1-3,15H2,(H,23,24)(H2,16,17,18)/t6-,7+,9+,10+,13+/m0/s1
InChI KeyZJUKTBDSGOFHSH-WFMPWKQPSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description belongs to the class of organic compounds known as gamma butyrolactones. Gamma butyrolactones are compounds containing a gamma butyrolactone moiety, which consists of an aliphatic five-member ring with four carbon atoms, one oxygen atom, and bears a ketone group on the carbon adjacent to the oxygen atom.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassOrganoheterocyclic compounds
ClassLactones
Sub ClassGamma butyrolactones
Direct ParentGamma butyrolactones
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Gamma butyrolactone
  • Tetrahydrofuran
  • Secondary alcohol
  • Carboxylic acid ester
  • 1,2-diol
  • Oxacycle
  • Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
  • Carboxylic acid derivative
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Organic oxide
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Carbonyl group
  • Alcohol
  • Aliphatic heteromonocyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAliphatic heteromonocyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Biological Properties
StatusDetected and Not Quantified
OriginEndogenous
Cellular Locations
  • Endoplasmic reticulum
  • Membrane
  • Mitochondria
  • Nucleus
Biofluid LocationsNot Available
Tissue Locations
  • Kidney
  • Liver
  • Lymphoblast
  • Myelin
  • Neuron
  • Placenta
  • Prostate
Pathways
NameSMPDB LinkKEGG Link
Betaine MetabolismSMP00123 map00260
Carnitine SynthesisSMP00465 Not Available
Glycine and Serine MetabolismSMP00004 map00260
Methionine MetabolismSMP00033 map00270
S-Adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) Hydrolase DeficiencySMP00214 Not Available
ApplicationsNot Available
Biological Roles
Chemical Roles
Physical Properties
StateSolid
AppearanceWhite powder.
Experimental Properties
PropertyValue
Melting Point209 - 211°C
Boiling PointNot Available
SolubilityNot Available
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility4.08 g/LALOGPS
logP-2.4ALOGPS
logP-4ChemAxon
logS-2ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)1.81ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)9.5ChemAxon
Physiological Charge0ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count10ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count5ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area182.63 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count7ChemAxon
Refractivity92.72 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability38.41 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings3ChemAxon
Bioavailability1ChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterNoChemAxon
Veber's RuleNoChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleYesChemAxon
Spectra
Spectra
Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyView
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-0a6u-9853000000-441f171739659ea2b5f6Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (3 TMS) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-004r-7096060000-d32383fe3b85ef1b9032Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot AvailableSpectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot AvailableSpectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_1_1) - 70eV, PositiveNot AvailableSpectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_1_2) - 70eV, PositiveNot AvailableSpectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_1_3) - 70eV, PositiveNot AvailableSpectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_1_4) - 70eV, PositiveNot AvailableSpectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_1_5) - 70eV, PositiveNot AvailableSpectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_2_1) - 70eV, PositiveNot AvailableSpectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_2_2) - 70eV, PositiveNot AvailableSpectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_2_3) - 70eV, PositiveNot AvailableSpectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_2_4) - 70eV, PositiveNot AvailableSpectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_2_5) - 70eV, PositiveNot AvailableSpectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_2_6) - 70eV, PositiveNot AvailableSpectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_2_7) - 70eV, PositiveNot AvailableSpectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_2_8) - 70eV, PositiveNot AvailableSpectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_2_9) - 70eV, PositiveNot AvailableSpectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_2_10) - 70eV, PositiveNot AvailableSpectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_2_11) - 70eV, PositiveNot AvailableSpectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_2_12) - 70eV, PositiveNot AvailableSpectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_3_2) - 70eV, PositiveNot AvailableSpectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_3_3) - 70eV, PositiveNot AvailableSpectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_3_4) - 70eV, PositiveNot AvailableSpectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_3_5) - 70eV, PositiveNot AvailableSpectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positivesplash10-0006-0943000000-80fa5c7d919e1085bc5dSpectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positivesplash10-00di-0900000000-3f143852503952daa0a8Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positivesplash10-03di-0900000000-23694a4b657a3478ad91Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positivesplash10-0udr-0980000000-a8f61dcdc8693e2725f5Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positivesplash10-00kf-0974000000-b3f3632635b2847bf4d2Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positivesplash10-00di-0900000000-188a77c79aaefae8a184Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positivesplash10-000i-0900000000-b848c20d743785117445Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positivesplash10-0udr-0980000000-64b7b303fc07300e0782Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negativesplash10-001i-0319020200-859d659a39a790a582f1Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negativesplash10-0a4i-0900000000-53acf4e10681047da062Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negativesplash10-001i-0910000000-5896502e31d66786e12aSpectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negativesplash10-001i-0009000000-01ea51599f8d30dec7feSpectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negativesplash10-001i-0409000100-2de58945ab0dfa81f099Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negativesplash10-0a4i-1900000000-a640f1a0bafd33afdd2dSpectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negativesplash10-001i-0910000000-5f685035af9b243ccff2Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negativesplash10-001i-0009000000-8d01fd0969e47d3bcc5cSpectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF (UPLC Q-Tof Premier, Waters) , Positivesplash10-000i-2901000000-6c40a4a43a8c3e142eceSpectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF (UPLC Q-Tof Premier, Waters) , Negativesplash10-001i-0902000000-c6c0d5529cf011d89f7bSpectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , negativesplash10-0a4i-0900000000-53acf4e10681047da062Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positivesplash10-000i-1905000000-71a19cb77ac6797e6d81Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positivesplash10-000i-1900000000-11e0ecd68eec9b6ef4f5Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positivesplash10-000i-5900000000-c10849015d4b1c3ef749Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negativesplash10-001i-0925000000-384762ca7868d8aa06ddSpectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negativesplash10-001i-1900000000-2fb047bdcd6fb31842eaSpectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negativesplash10-053r-2900000000-a6bc4489e6fe48ead399Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
2D NMR[1H,1H] 2D NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
2D NMR[1H,13C] 2D NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
Toxicity Profile
Route of ExposureNot Available
Mechanism of ToxicityNot Available
MetabolismNot Available
Toxicity ValuesNot Available
Lethal DoseNot Available
Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification)No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).
Uses/SourcesThis is an endogenously produced metabolite found in the human body. It is used in metabolic reactions, catabolic reactions or waste generation.
Minimum Risk LevelNot Available
Health EffectsChronically high levels of S-adenosylhomocysteine are associated with S-Adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) Hydrolase Deficiency.
SymptomsNot Available
TreatmentNot Available
Concentrations
Not Available
DrugBank IDDB01752
HMDB IDHMDB0000939
FooDB IDFDB031150
Phenol Explorer IDNot Available
KNApSAcK IDC00007230
BiGG ID33543
BioCyc IDADENOSYL-HOMO-CYS
METLIN ID296
PDB IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkS-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine
Chemspider ID388301
ChEBI ID16680
PubChem Compound ID439155
Kegg Compound IDC00021
YMDB IDYMDB00198
ECMDB IDECMDB00939
References
Synthesis Reference

Hideaki Yamada, Sakayu Shimizu, Shozo Shiozaki, “Process for producing S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.” U.S. Patent US4605625, issued March, 1978.

MSDSLink
General References
1. Mung D, Li L: Development of Chemical Isotope Labeling LC-MS for Milk Metabolomics: Comprehensive and Quantitative Profiling of the Amine/Phenol Submetabolome. Anal Chem. 2017 Apr 18;89(8):4435-4443. doi: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03737. Epub 2017 Mar 28.
2. Holy, Antonin; Rosenberg, Ivan. Studies on S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase. Part XV. An improved synthesis of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine and related compounds. Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications (1985), 50(7), 1514-18.
3. Miller AL: The methionine-homocysteine cycle and its effects on cognitive diseases. Altern Med Rev. 2003 Feb;8(1):7-19.
4. Hershfield MS, Kredich NM, Koller CA, Mitchell BS, Kurtzberg J, Kinney TR, Falletta JM: S-adenosylhomocysteine catabolism and basis for acquired resistance during treatment of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia with 2'-deoxycoformycin alone and in combination with 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine. Cancer Res. 1983 Jul;43(7):3451-8.
5. Struys EA, Jansen EE, de Meer K, Jakobs C: Determination of S-adenosylmethionine and S-adenosylhomocysteine in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid by stable-isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry. Clin Chem. 2000 Oct;46(10):1650-6.
6. Wang J, Dudman NP, Wilcken DE: Effects of homocysteine and related compounds on prostacyclin production by cultured human vascular endothelial cells. Thromb Haemost. 1993 Dec 20;70(6):1047-52.
7. Palella TD, Schatz RA, Wilens TE, Fox IH: S-Adenosylhomocysteine accumulation and selective cytotoxicity in cultured T- and B-lymphocytes. J Lab Clin Med. 1982 Aug;100(2):269-78.
8. van Guldener C, Stehouwer CD: Homocysteine and methionine metabolism in renal failure. Semin Vasc Med. 2005 May;5(2):201-8.
9. Muskiet FA: The importance of (early) folate status to primary and secondary coronary artery disease prevention. Reprod Toxicol. 2005 Sep-Oct;20(3):403-10.
10. Augoustides-Savvopoulou P, Luka Z, Karyda S, Stabler SP, Allen RH, Patsiaoura K, Wagner C, Mudd SH: Glycine N -methyltransferase deficiency: a new patient with a novel mutation. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2003;26(8):745-59.
11. Fowler B: Homocysteine: overview of biochemistry, molecular biology, and role in disease processes. Semin Vasc Med. 2005 May;5(2):77-86.
12. Gordon RK, Ginalski K, Rudnicki WR, Rychlewski L, Pankaskie MC, Bujnicki JM, Chiang PK: Anti-HIV-1 activity of 3-deaza-adenosine analogs. Inhibition of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase and nucleotide congeners. Eur J Biochem. 2003 Sep;270(17):3507-17.
13. Metz J: Cobalamin deficiency and the pathogenesis of nervous system disease. Annu Rev Nutr. 1992;12:59-79.
14. Mulder C, Schoonenboom NS, Jansen EE, Verhoeven NM, van Kamp GJ, Jakobs C, Scheltens P: The transmethylation cycle in the brain of Alzheimer patients. Neurosci Lett. 2005 Sep 30;386(2):69-71.
15. Delabar U, Kloor D, Luippold G, Muhlbauer B: Simultaneous determination of adenosine, S-adenosylhomocysteine and S-adenosylmethionine in biological samples using solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 1999 Mar 19;724(2):231-8.
16. Hermes M, von Hippel S, Osswald H, Kloor D: S-adenosylhomocysteine metabolism in different cell lines: effect of hypoxia and cell density. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2005;15(5):233-44.
17. Weir DG, Molloy AM, Keating JN, Young PB, Kennedy S, Kennedy DG, Scott JM: Correlation of the ratio of S-adenosyl-L-methionine to S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid of the pig: implications for the determination of this methylation ratio in human brain. Clin Sci (Lond). 1992 Jan;82(1):93-7.
18. Sreekumar A, Poisson LM, Rajendiran TM, Khan AP, Cao Q, Yu J, Laxman B, Mehra R, Lonigro RJ, Li Y, Nyati MK, Ahsan A, Kalyana-Sundaram S, Han B, Cao X, Byun J, Omenn GS, Ghosh D, Pennathur S, Alexander DC, Berger A, Shuster JR, Wei JT, Varambally S, Beecher C, Chinnaiyan AM: Metabolomic profiles delineate potential role for sarcosine in prostate cancer progression. Nature. 2009 Feb 12;457(7231):910-4. doi: 10.1038/nature07762.
19. Wagner C, Koury MJ: S-Adenosylhomocysteine: a better indicator of vascular disease than homocysteine? Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Dec;86(6):1581-5.
20. Herrmann W, Obeid R: Biomarkers of folate and vitamin B(12) status in cerebrospinal fluid. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2007;45(12):1614-20.
21. Kredich NM, Hershfield MS: S-adenosylhomocysteine toxicity in normal and adenosine kinase-deficient lymphoblasts of human origin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1979 May;76(5):2450-4.
22. Elshenawy S, Pinney SE, Stuart T, Doulias PT, Zura G, Parry S, Elovitz MA, Bennett MJ, Bansal A, Strauss JF 3rd, Ischiropoulos H, Simmons RA: The Metabolomic Signature of the Placenta in Spontaneous Preterm Birth. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Feb 4;21(3). pii: ijms21031043. doi: 10.3390/ijms21031043.
23. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=11700066
24. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=11746687
25. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=11961214
26. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=11997462
27. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=12767735
28. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=15026045
29. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=15057524
30. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=15542683
31. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=15645450
32. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=16109423
33. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=16197293
34. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=16197315
35. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=16253211
36. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=16423634
37. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=16519522
38. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=17044778
39. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=17172447
40. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=17300772
41. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=17439666
42. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=17726531
43. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=18976670
44. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=19249293
45. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=19357721
46. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=21837278
47. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=22225784
48. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=22455498
49. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=24145794